This blog:
1) Dis-information.
2) Lies
3) Linda Skynner blogs
2) Lies
3) Linda Skynner blogs
17 meest gebruikte manieren van desinformatie door politici
1. Zwijg als het graf. Doe alsof je
gek bent.
Ongeacht wat je weet, ga niet in discussie, zeker niet wanneer je een BNer bent of een politicus. Dat wat niet gepubliceerd wordt, is niet gebeurd en dan hoef je er ook niet op te reageren.
Ongeacht wat je weet, ga niet in discussie, zeker niet wanneer je een BNer bent of een politicus. Dat wat niet gepubliceerd wordt, is niet gebeurd en dan hoef je er ook niet op te reageren.
2. Doe ongelovig en beledigd.
Voorkom discussie over hoofdzaken, maar focus je juist in plaats daarvan op bijzaken. Deze bijzaken kan je dan weer gebruiken om te laten zien dat de hoofdzaak niet klopt.
Voorkom discussie over hoofdzaken, maar focus je juist in plaats daarvan op bijzaken. Deze bijzaken kan je dan weer gebruiken om te laten zien dat de hoofdzaak niet klopt.
3. Creëer een geringschattend
gerucht.
Vermijd discussie over onderwerpen door alle aanvallen als geruchten en wilde beschuldigingen af te doen. Deze methode werkt bijzonder goed wanneer de pers stil en volgzaam is zoals in NL, omdat het publiek uitsluitend kennis kan nemen van de feiten door aantoonbare geruchten. Doe het bijvoorbeeld af als een gerucht dat via het internet verspreid is.
Vermijd discussie over onderwerpen door alle aanvallen als geruchten en wilde beschuldigingen af te doen. Deze methode werkt bijzonder goed wanneer de pers stil en volgzaam is zoals in NL, omdat het publiek uitsluitend kennis kan nemen van de feiten door aantoonbare geruchten. Doe het bijvoorbeeld af als een gerucht dat via het internet verspreid is.
4. Maak je tegenstander verdacht met
een label
Vermorzel je tegenstander door hem te bestempelen als ‘links’, ‘communist’, ‘terrorist’, ‘extremist’, ‘fundatamentalist’, ‘religieuze fanaticus’, ‘racist’ of ‘seksueel gestoorde’, enzovoort. Dit zal er voor zorgen dat men afstand neemt uit angst om hetzelfde label opgeplakt te krijgen.
Vermorzel je tegenstander door hem te bestempelen als ‘links’, ‘communist’, ‘terrorist’, ‘extremist’, ‘fundatamentalist’, ‘religieuze fanaticus’, ‘racist’ of ‘seksueel gestoorde’, enzovoort. Dit zal er voor zorgen dat men afstand neemt uit angst om hetzelfde label opgeplakt te krijgen.
5. Sla toe en trek je terug.
In elk publiek forum, lanceer een korte aanval op je tegenstander en trek je terug voordat een antwoord gegeven kon worden, of ontken simpelweg elk antwoord. Dus beschuldig of val aan en ga daarna iedere discussie uit de weg.
In elk publiek forum, lanceer een korte aanval op je tegenstander en trek je terug voordat een antwoord gegeven kon worden, of ontken simpelweg elk antwoord. Dus beschuldig of val aan en ga daarna iedere discussie uit de weg.
6. Trek motieven in twijfel.
Betwist of trek ieder feit in twijfel zodat hiermee gesuggereerd wordt dat de tegenstander werkt met een verborgen agenda. Hierdoor wordt de tegenstander in de verdediging gedrongen en discussie voorkomen.
Betwist of trek ieder feit in twijfel zodat hiermee gesuggereerd wordt dat de tegenstander werkt met een verborgen agenda. Hierdoor wordt de tegenstander in de verdediging gedrongen en discussie voorkomen.
7. Hou je dom.
Maakt niet uit met welk bewijs of logisch argument de tegenstander op de proppen komt: vermijd iedere discussie behalve wanneer je een punt kan scoren.
Maakt niet uit met welk bewijs of logisch argument de tegenstander op de proppen komt: vermijd iedere discussie behalve wanneer je een punt kan scoren.
8. Trek de zaak uit zijn verband en
blaas het op.
Schilder de gebeurtenis af als te complex om op te lossen. Haal er allerlei zaken bij die niets met de oorspronkelijke gebeurtenis te maken hebben, zodat mensen die de zaak volgen sneller hun interesse zullen verliezen. Dit voorkomt dat de politicus de werkelijke gang van zaken moet openbaren. (denk aan Oekraine)
Schilder de gebeurtenis af als te complex om op te lossen. Haal er allerlei zaken bij die niets met de oorspronkelijke gebeurtenis te maken hebben, zodat mensen die de zaak volgen sneller hun interesse zullen verliezen. Dit voorkomt dat de politicus de werkelijke gang van zaken moet openbaren. (denk aan Oekraine)
9. Alice in Wonderland logica.
Vermijd ingewikkelde discussies of redeneringen en presenteer boerenlogica.
Vermijd ingewikkelde discussies of redeneringen en presenteer boerenlogica.
10. Laat getuigen en bewijzen
verdwijnen.
Wanneer het niet bestaat is het geen feit en hoeft er ook niets bewezen te worden of ontkend.
Wanneer het niet bestaat is het geen feit en hoeft er ook niets bewezen te worden of ontkend.
11. Verander van onderwerp.
Ga niet op vragen of stellingen in, maar kies een ander onderwerp.
Ga niet op vragen of stellingen in, maar kies een ander onderwerp.
12. Irriteer tegenstanders en lok hun
boosheid uit
Verleid tegenstanders tot emotionele reacties zodat ze zichzelf belachelijk maken en hun argumenten minder rationeel kloppend worden. Hiermee kunnen vervelende discussies vermeden worden en kunnen de tegenstanders gepakt worden op hun zogenaamde ‘overgevoeligheid voor kritiek’.
Verleid tegenstanders tot emotionele reacties zodat ze zichzelf belachelijk maken en hun argumenten minder rationeel kloppend worden. Hiermee kunnen vervelende discussies vermeden worden en kunnen de tegenstanders gepakt worden op hun zogenaamde ‘overgevoeligheid voor kritiek’.
13. Ontken gepresenteerde feiten en
eis onmogelijk bewijs.
Ongeacht de feiten of argumenten die de tegenstander presenteert suggereer dat het niet relevant is en eis bewijs waarmee de tegenstander onmogelijk kan komen.
Ongeacht de feiten of argumenten die de tegenstander presenteert suggereer dat het niet relevant is en eis bewijs waarmee de tegenstander onmogelijk kan komen.
14. Vals bewijs.
Wanneer mogelijk kom met nieuwe feiten of waarheden bedoeld om de feiten van de tegenstander te neutraliseren of te ontkennen.
Wanneer mogelijk kom met nieuwe feiten of waarheden bedoeld om de feiten van de tegenstander te neutraliseren of te ontkennen.
15. Maak een nieuwe waarheid.
Kom op de proppen met eigen experts, schrijvers, groepen of leiders of beinvloed bestaande die bereid zijn om met nieuw onderzoek of bewijzen te komen in jouw voordeel. Hiermee bombardeer je jezelf tot autoriteit in de kwestie.
Kom op de proppen met eigen experts, schrijvers, groepen of leiders of beinvloed bestaande die bereid zijn om met nieuw onderzoek of bewijzen te komen in jouw voordeel. Hiermee bombardeer je jezelf tot autoriteit in de kwestie.
16. Leid de aandacht af.
Wanneer de focus te veel ligt op zaken die niet de politieke voorkeur hebben (denk aan de armoede-kwestie in NL) en de media aandacht te veel hier naar uit gaat maak grotere kwesties of blaas deze buiten proporties op om de aandacht af te leiden.
Wanneer de focus te veel ligt op zaken die niet de politieke voorkeur hebben (denk aan de armoede-kwestie in NL) en de media aandacht te veel hier naar uit gaat maak grotere kwesties of blaas deze buiten proporties op om de aandacht af te leiden.
17. Leg critici het zwijgen op.
Dit kan door middel van de dood, arrestatie en gevangenschap, afpersing of aantasting van de goede naam door publicatie van persoonlijke informatie, richt hen financieel of emotioneel te gronde, of beschadig hun gezondheid.
Dit kan door middel van de dood, arrestatie en gevangenschap, afpersing of aantasting van de goede naam door publicatie van persoonlijke informatie, richt hen financieel of emotioneel te gronde, of beschadig hun gezondheid.
Below the Wikipedia article about different ways of lie-ing: ( wikipedia)
As defined by Sartre, "bad
faith" is lying to oneself. Specifically, it is failing
to acknowledge one's own ability to act and determine one's possibilities,
falling back on the determinations of the various historical and current
totalisations which have produced one as if they relieved one of one's freedom
to do so.
A barefaced (or bald-faced) lie is one
that is obviously a lie to those hearing it. The phrase comes from 17th-century
British usage referring to those without facial hair as being seen as acting in
an unconcealed or open way. A variation that has been in use almost as long is bold-faced
lie, referring to a lie told with a straight and confident face (hence
"bold-faced"), usually with the corresponding tone of voice and
emphatic body language of one confidently speaking the truth.Bold-faced lie can
also refer to misleading or inaccurate newspaper headlines, but this usage
appears to be a more recent appropriation of the term.[2]
Main article: Big lie
A lie which attempts to trick the victim
into believing something major which will likely be contradicted by some
information the victim already possesses, or by their common sense. When the
lie is of sufficient magnitude it may succeed, due to the victim's reluctance
to believe that an untruth on such a grand scale would indeed be concocted.
To bluff is to pretend to have a
capability or intention one does not actually possess. Bluffing is an act of
deception that is rarely seen as immoral when it takes place in the context of
a game, such as poker,
where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players. For
instance, a gambler who
deceives other players into thinking he has different cards to those he really
holds, or an athlete who hints he will move left and then dodges right is not
considered to be lying (also known as a feint or juke). In
these situations, deception is acceptable and is commonly expected as a tactic.
Main article: Bullshit
Bullshit does not necessarily have to be
a complete fabrication. While a lie is related by a speaker who believes what
she says is false, bullshit is offered by a speaker who does not care whether
what she says is true because she is more concerned with giving her hearer some
impression. Thus bullshit may be either true or false, but demonstrates a lack
of concern for the truth which is likely to lead to falsehoods.[3]
A term coined by researchers in Cornell
University's Social Media Lab that describes small/innate lies
which are usually sent electronically, and are used to terminate conversations
or to save face.
For example sending an SMS to someone reading "I have to go, the waiter is
here," when you are not at a restaurant is an example of a butler lie.[4]
One can state part of the truth out of
context, knowing that without complete information, it gives a false
impression. Likewise, one can actually state accurate facts, yet deceive with
them. To say "Yeah, that's right, I ate all the white
chocolate, by myself," using sarcasm,
a form of assertion by ridiculing the fact(s) implying the liar believes it to
be preposterous.
Main article: Economical with the truth
Economy with the truth is popularly used
as a euphemism for
deceit, whether by volunteering false information (i.e., lying) or by
deliberately holding back relevant facts. More literally, it describes a
careful use of facts so as not to reveal too much information, as in
"speaking carefully".
An emergency lie is a strategic lie told
when the truth may not be told because, for example, harm to a third party
would result. For example, a friend may lie to an angry husband about the
whereabouts of his wife, who he believes has been unfaithful, because said
husband might reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury should he
encounter his wife in person.
Alternatively, an emergency lie could
denote a (temporary) lie told to a second person because of the presence of a
third.
Main article: Exaggeration
An exaggeration (or hyperbole) occurs
when the most fundamental aspects of a statement are true, but only to a
certain degree. It is also seen as "stretching the truth" or making
something appear more powerful, meaningful, or real than it actually is. Saying
that someone devoured most of something when they only ate half would be
considered an exaggeration.
A fabrication is a lie told when someone
submits a statement as truth, without knowing for certain whether or not it
actually istrue.[citation needed] Although
the statement may be possible or plausible, it is not based on fact. Rather, it
is something made up, or it is a misrepresentation of the truth. Examples of
fabrication: A person giving directions to a tourist when the person doesn't
actually know the directions. Often propaganda is
fabrication.
A fib is a lie told with no malicious
intent and little consequence. Unlike a white lie, fibs rarely
include those lies or omissions that are meant to do good.
Main article: Half-truth
A half-truth is a deceptive
statement that includes some element of truth. The statement might
be partly true, the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole
truth, or it may employ some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation,
or double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame or misrepresent
the truth.[5]
A haystack answer (or statement) is a
volume of false or irrelevant information, possibly containing a true fact (the
needle in the "haystack"). Even if the truth is included, it is
difficult or impossible to detect and identify. In this way, the legendary
Leprechaun hid his pot of gold,[6] even after
it had been found.
Main article: Honest lie
An honest lie (or confabulation) can be
identified by verbal statements or actions that inaccurately describe history,
background, and present situations. There is generally no intent to misinform and
the individual is unaware that their information is false.
Jocose (cf. jocular)
lies are lies meant in jest, intended to be understood as such by all present
parties. Teasing and irony are examples. A more elaborate instance is seen in
some storytelling traditions, where the storyteller's insistence
that the story is the absolute truth, despite all evidence to the contrary
(i.e., tall tale),
is considered humorous. There is debate about whether these are
"real" lies, and different philosophers hold different views (see
below).
The Crick Crack Club in
London arrange a yearly "Grand Lying Contest" with the winner being
awarded the coveted "Hodja Cup" (named for the Mulla Nasreddin: "The
truth is something I have never spoken."). The winner in 2010 was Hugh Lupton.
In the USA, the Burlington Liars' Club awards an annual
title to the "World Champion Liar".
Main article: Lie-to-children
A lie-to-children is a lie, often a platitude,
which may use euphemism(s), which is told to make an adult subject
acceptable to children. Common examples include "The stork brought you" (in reference to childbirth) and
the existence of Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy or
theEaster Bunny.
Also known as a continuing
misrepresentation, a lie by omission occurs when an important fact is left out
in order to foster a misconception. Lying by omission includes failures to
correct pre-existing misconceptions. When the seller of a car declares it has
been serviced regularly but does not tell that a fault was reported at the last
service, the seller lies by omission. It can be compared todissimulation.
The seller of a product or service may
advertise untrue facts about the product or service in order to gain sales,
especially by competitive advantage. Many countries and states have enacted consumer protection laws intended to
combat such fraud. An example is the Illinois
Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act that holds
a seller liable for omission of any material fact that the buyer relies upon.
Main article: Minimisation (psychology)
Minimisation is the opposite of
exaggeration. It is a type of deception[7] involving denial coupled
with rationalization in situations where
complete denial is implausible.
Main article: Misleading
A misleading statement is one where
there is no outright lie, but still retains the purpose of getting someone to
believe in an untruth. "Dissembling" likewise describes the
presentation of facts in a way that is literally true, but intentionally
misleading.
Main article: Noble lie
A noble lie is one that would normally
cause discord if uncovered, but offers some benefit to the liar and assists in
an orderly society, therefore, potentially beneficial to others. It is often
told to maintain law, order and safety.
Main article: Pathological lying
In psychiatry,
pathological lying (also called compulsive lying, pseudologia fantastica and
mythomania) is a behavior of habitual or compulsive lying.[8][9] It
was first described in the medical literature in 1891 by Anton Delbrueck.[9] Although
it is a controversial topic,[9]pathological
lying has been defined as "falsification entirely disproportionate to any
discernible end in view, may be extensive and very complicated, and may
manifest over a period of years or even a lifetime".[8] The
individual may be aware they are lying, or may believe they are telling the
truth, being unaware that they are relating fantasies.
Main article: Perjury
Perjury is the act of lying or making
verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law,
or in any of various sworn statements in writing. Perjury is a crime, because the witness
has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court to remain
intact, witness testimony must be relied on as truthful.
Main article: Polite lie
A polite lie is a lie that a politeness standard
requires, and which is usually known to be untrue by both parties. Whether such
lies are acceptable is heavily dependent on culture. A common polite lie in
international etiquette is to decline invitations because of "scheduling
difficulties."
Main article: Puffery
Puffery is an exaggerated claim
typically found in advertising and publicity announcements, such as "the
highest quality at the lowest price," or "always votes in the best
interest of all the people." Such statements are unlikely to be true - but
cannot be proven false and so do not violate trade laws, especially as the
consumer is expected to be able to tell that it is not the absolute truth.
The phrase "speaking with a forked tongue"
means to deliberately say one thing and mean another or, to be hypocritical, or
act in a duplicitous manner. In the longstanding tradition of many Native American tribes,
"speaking with a forked tongue" has meant lying, and a person was no
longer considered worthy of trust, once he had been shown to "speak with a
forked tongue". This phrase was also adopted by Americans around the time
of the Revolution, and may be found in abundant references from the early 19th
century — often reporting on American officers who sought to convince the
tribal leaders with whom they negotiated that they "spoke with a straight
and not with a forked tongue" (as for example, President Andrew Jackson told
the Creek Nation in 1829[10]) According to
one 1859 account, the native proverb that the "white man spoke with a
forked tongue" originated as a result of the French tactic of the 1690s,
in their war with theIroquois, of inviting their enemies to attend a Peace
Conference, only to be slaughtered or captured.[11]
Main article: View from
nowhere
The view from nowhere refers to
journalism and analysis that misinform the audience by creating the impression
that opposing parties to an issue have equal correctness and validity, even
when the truths of their claims are mutually exclusive.
Main article: Weasel word
A weasel word is an informal term[12] for words
and phrases aimed at creating an impression that a specific and/or meaningful
statement has been made, when in fact only a vague or ambiguous claim has been
communicated, enabling the specific meaning to be denied if the statement is
challenged. A more formal term is equivocation.
"White lie" redirects
here. For other uses, see White lies (disambiguation).
White lies are minor lies which could be
considered to be harmless, or even beneficial, in the long term. White lies are
also considered to be used for greater good. A common version of a white lie is
to tell only part of the truth, therefore not be suspected of lying, yet also
conceal something else, to avoid awkward questions. White lies are also often
used to shield someone from a hurtful or emotionally damaging truth, especially
when not knowing the truth is completely harmless.
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Ik heb kort geleden een blog ontdekt die ik erg waardeer.
De schrijfster is mogelijk ene Linda Skynner.
In deze blog schrijft ze over het onderwerp waar het in deze bovenstaande blog over gaat:
De Propaganda Machine.
Ik heb nog weinig van haar blogs gelezen, wegens tijdgebrek. Maar er zijn veel overeenkomsten tussen haar en mij:
- Aandacht voor de Media leugens
- Aandacht voor de psychologie: hoe ons brein werkt
- Aandacht voor de joodse invloed op ons leven.
- Aandacht voor de enorme invloed van geld en bankiers.
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